参考文献：

      [1]              Adachi K, Osaki M, Kase S, et al. 2003. Anti-Fas antibody-induced apoptosis and its signal transduction in human gastric carcinoma cell lines. International Journal of Oncology, 23:713-719. 文件编号. 15101.

      [2]              Adoue DFP. 1997. Werner’s Syndrome. Images in Clinical Medicine, 337:977. 文件编号. 15097.

      [3]              Alonso CR. 2002. Hox Proteins: Sculpting Body Parts by Activating Localised Cell Death. Current Biology, 12:R776–R778. 文件编号. 15002.

      [4]              Andreeff M, Goodrich DW, Pardee AB. 2000. Cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In: Cancer Medicine, 5^th ed., Holland JF, et al ed. B. C. Decker, Inc., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 17-32. 文件编号. 15099.

      [5]              Annis MG, Yethon JA, Leber B, et al. 2004. There is more to life and death than mitochondria: Bcl-2 proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, 1644:115-123. 文件编号. 15011.

      [6]              Aravind L, Dixit VM, Koonin EV. 2001. Apoptotic molecular machinery: vastly increased complexity in vertebrates revealed by genomic comparisons. Science, 291:279-1284. 文件编号. 15042.

      [7]              Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM. 1998. Death receptors: signaling and modulation. Science, 281:1305-1308. 文件编号. 15043.

      [8]              Bakkenist CJ, Kastan MB. 2004. Initiating Cellular Stress Responses. Cell, 18:9–17. 文件编号. 15077.

      [9]              Balaban PS, Nemoto S, Finkel T. 2005. Mitochondria, Oxidants, and Aging. Cell, 120:483-495. 文件编号. 15032.

  [10]              Barisic K, Petrik J, Rumora L. 2003. Biochemistry of apoptotic cell death. Acta Pharm, 53:151–164. 文件编号. 15112.

  [11]              Barja G. 2004. Free radicals and aging. Trends in Neurosciences, 27:595-600. 文件编号. 15025.

  [12]              Barnhart BC, Alappat EC, Peter ME. 2003. The CD95 Type I/Type II model. Seminars in Immunology, 15:185-193. 文件编号. 15095.

  [13]              Baum JS, St George JP, McCall K. 2005. Programmed cell death in the germline . Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 16:245-259. 文件编号. 15004.

  [14]              Behl C. 2000. Apoptosis and Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm, 107:1325-1344. 文件编号. 15055.

  [15]              Blankenberg FG, Tait JF, Strauss HW. 2000. Apoptotic cell death:its implications for imaging in the next millennium. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 27:359-367. 文件编号. 15110.

  [16]              Bleackley RC, Heibein JA. 2001. Enzymatic control of apoptosis. Nat. Prod. Rep, 18:431–440. 文件编号. 15048.

  [17]              Bouchier-Hayes L, Martin SJ. 2002. CARD games in apoptosis and immunity. EMBO Rep, 3:616-21. 文件编号. 15040.

  [18]              Boyce M, Degterev A, Yuan J. 2004. Caspases: an ancient cellular sword of Damocles. Cell Death and Differentiation, 11:29–37. 文件编号. 15114.

  [19]              Breitenbach M, Madeo F, Laun P, et al. 2003. Yeast as a model for ageing and apoptosis research.. Topics Curr. Genet , 3:1-39. 文件编号. 15049.

  [20]              Brookes PS. 2005. Mitochondrial H+ leak and ROS generation: An odd couple. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 38:12-23. 文件编号. 15033.

  [21]              Budihardjo I, Oliver H, Lutter M, Luo X, Wang XD. 1999. Biochemical pathways of caspase activation during apoptosis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 15:269-290. 文件编号. 15111.

  [22]              Butow RA, Avadhani NG. 2004. Mitochondrial Signaling: The Retrograde Response . Molecular Cell, 14:1-15. 文件编号. 15008.

  [23]              Cakir S. 2000. Genetics and Some Aging-Related Mechanisms. Turk J Zool, 24:183–190. 文件编号. 15036.

  [24]              Casaccia-Bonnefil P. 2000. Cell Death in the Oligodendrocyte Lineage: A Molecular Perspective of Life/Death Decisions in Development and Disease. GLIA, 29:124–135. 文件编号. 15045.

  [25]              Cellerino A, Bähr M, Isenmann S. 2000. Apoptosis in the developing visual system. Cell Tissue Res, 301:53–69. 文件编号. 15105.

  [26]              Cheng EH, Sheiko TV, Fisher JK, et al. 2003. VDAC2 inhibits BAK activation and mitochondrial apoptosis. Science, 301:513-517. 文件编号. 15096.

  [27]              Cheung WL, Ajiro K, Samejima, K et al. 2003. Apoptotic Phosphorylation of Histone H2B Is Mediated by Mammalian Sterile Twenty Kinase. Cell, 113:507–517. 文件编号. 15059.

  [28]              Cohen GM. 1997. Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem. J, 326:1-16. 文件编号. 15115.

  [29]              Couzinet A, Hérincs Z, Hueber AO. 2002. Régulation de la mort cellulaire programmée: vers une conception plus dynamique. MEDECINE/SCIENCES, 18:841-52. 文件编号. 15100.

  [30]              Culmsee C, Mattson MP. 2005. p53 in neuronal apoptosis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 331:761-777. 文件编号. 15003.

  [31]              Curtin JF, Cotter TG. 2003. Live and let die: regulatory mechanisms in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Cellular Signalling, 15:983-992. 文件编号. 15017.

  [32]              Danial NN, Korsmeyer SJ. 2004. Cell Death: Critical Control Points. Cell, 116:205-219. 文件编号. 15015.

  [33]              de Grey AD, Campbell FC, Dokal I, et al. 2004. Total deletion of in vivo telomere elongation capacity: an ambitious but possibly ultimate cure for all age-related human cancers. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1019:147-170. 文件编号. 15093.

  [34]              Denecker G, Vercammen D, Declercq W, et al. 2001. Apoptotic and necrotic cell death induced by death domain receptors. CMLS, 58:356–370. 文件编号. 15109.

  [35]              DiBartolomeis SM, Moné JP. 2003. Apoptosis: A Four-Week Laboratory Investigation for Advanced Molecular and Cellular Biology Students. Cell Biology Education, 2:275–295. 文件编号. 15029.

  [36]              Dillin A, Hsu AL, Arantes-Oliveira N, et al. 2002. Rates of behavior and aging specified by mitochondrial function during development. Science, 298:2398-2401. 文件编号. 15085.

  [37]              Downward J. 2004. PI 3-kinase, Akt and cell survival. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 15:177-182. 文件编号. 15009.

  [38]              Edinger AL, Thompson CB. 2004. Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 16:663–669. 文件编号. 15001.

  [39]              Eldadah BA, Yakovlev AG, Faden AI. 1996. A new approach for the electrophoretic detection of apoptosis. Nucleic Acids Res, 24:4092-4093. 文件编号. 15030.

  [40]              Eldering E, vanLier RAW. 2005. B-cell antigen receptor-induced apoptosis: looking for clues. Immunology Letters, 96:187-194. 文件编号. 15005.

  [41]              Evans MD, Dizdaroglu M, Cooke MS. 2004. Oxidative DNA damage and disease: induction, repair and significance. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 567:1-61. 文件编号. 15026.

  [42]              Fay DS, Han M. 2000. Mutations in cye-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans cyclin E homolog, reveal coordination between cell-cycle control and vulval development. Development, 127:4049-4060. 文件编号. 15064.

  [43]              Ferreira CG, Epping M, Kruyt FAE, et al. 2002. Apoptosis: Target of Cancer Therapy. Clinical Cancer Research, 8:2024–2034. 文件编号. 15108.

  [44]              Friedlander RM. 2003. mechanisms of disease Apoptosis and Caspases in Neurodegenerative Diseases. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348:1365-1375. 文件编号. 15102.

  [45]              Frisch SM, Screaton RA. 2001. Anoikis mechanisms. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 13:555–562. 文件编号. 15052.

  [46]              Gajkowska B, Motyl T, Olszewska-Badarczuk H, et al. 2000. Structural association of Bax with nuclear matrix and cytomatrix revealed by embedment-free immunogold electron microscopy. Cell Biol Int, 24:649-656. 文件编号. 15087.

  [47]              Gajkowska B, Motyl T, Olszewska-Badarczuk H, et al. 2001. Expression of BAX in cell nucleus after experimentally induced apoptosis revealed by immunogold and embedment-free electron microscopy. Cell Biol Int, 25:725-733. 文件编号. 15069.

  [48]              Gerald D， Berra E， Frapart YM, et al. 2004. JunD Reduces Tumor Angiogenesis by Protecting Cells from Oxidative Stress. Cell, 118:781–794. 文件编号. 15078.

  [49]              Golden TR, Melov S. 2001. Mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress, and aging. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 122:1577-1589. 文件编号. 15028.

  [50]              Gougeon ML. 2003. Apoptosis as an HIV strategy to escape immune attack. Nat Rev Immunol, 3:392-404. 文件编号. 15034.

  [51]              Gravel S, Jackson SP. 2003. Increased genome instability in aging yeast. Cell, 115:1-2. 文件编号. 15076.

  [52]              Green DR, Evan G. 2002. A matter of life and death. Cancer Cell, 1:19-30. 文件编号. 15046.

  [53]              Greenwood MJ, Lansdorp PM. 2003. Telomeres, telomerase, and hematopoietic stem cell biology. Archives of Medical Research, 34:489-495. 文件编号. 15023.

  [54]              Gupta S. 2003. Molecular signaling in death receptor and mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis. International Journal of Oncology, 22:15-20. 文件编号. 15080.

  [55]              Häcker G. 2000. The morphology of apoptosis. Cell Tissue Res, 301:5–17. 文件编号. 15125.

  [56]              Higami Y, Shimokawa I. 2000. Apoptosis in the aging process. Cell Tissue Res, 301:125–132. 文件编号. 15104.

  [57]              Hofmann K. 1999. The modular nature of apoptotic signaling proteins. CMLS, 55:1113–1128. 文件编号. 15124.

  [58]              Holler N, Zaru R, Micheau O, et al. 2000. Fas triggers an alternative, caspase-8-independent cell death pathway using the kinase RIP as effector molecule. Nat Immunol, 1:489-495. 文件编号. 15117.

  [59]              Iakova P, Awad SS, Timchenko NA. 2003. Aging Reduces Proliferative Capacities of Liver by Switching Pathways of C/EBPα Growth Arrest. Cell, 113:495–506. 文件编号. 15051.

  [60]              Irmler M, Thome M, Hahne M, et al. 1997. Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP. Nature, 388:190-195. 文件编号. 15120.

  [61]              Jacqueline Thorburn J, Bender LM, Morgan MJ, et al. 2003. Caspase- and Serine Protease-dependent Apoptosis by the Death Domain of FADD in Normal Epithelial Cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 14:67–77. 文件编号. 15113.

  [62]              Jan Y, Matter M, Pai JT, et al. 2004. A mitochondrial protein, Bit1, mediates apoptosis regulated by integrins and Groucho/TLE corepressors. Cell, 116:751-762. 文件编号. 15050.

  [63]              Jizeng Qiao JZ, Uzzo2 R, Obara-Ishihara T, et al. 1999. FGF-7 modulates ureteric bud growth and nephron number in the developing kidney. Development, 126:547-554. 文件编号. 15071.

  [64]              Johnson FB, Sinclair DA, Guarente L. 1999. Molecular Biology of Aging Review. Cell, 96:291–302. 文件编号. 15037.

  [65]              Kapasi AA, Patel G, Franki N, et al. 2002. HIV-1 gp120-Induced Tubular Epithelial Cell Apoptosis Is Mediated Through p38-MAPK Phosphorylation. Molecular Medicine, 8:676–685. 文件编号. 15118.

  [66]              Karlseder J, Broccoli D, Dai Y, et al. 1999. p53- and ATM-dependent apoptosis induced by telomeres lacking TRF2. Science, 283:1321-1325. 文件编号. 15084.

  [67]              Keith WN, Bilsland A, Evans TR, et al. 2002. Telomerase-directed molecular therapeutics. Expert Rev Mol Med, 2002:1-25. 文件编号. 15090.

  [68]              Kenkichi Masutomi K, Yu EY, Khurts S, et al. 2003. Telomerase Maintains Telomere Structurein Normal Human Cells. Cell, 114:241–253. 文件编号. 15089.

  [69]              Kirkwood TBL. 2005. Understanding the Odd Science of Aging. Cell, 120:437-447. 文件编号. 15024.

  [70]              Kirsten Lauber K, Bohn, E, Krober, SM et al. 2003. Apoptotic Cells Induce Migration of Phagocytes via Caspase-3-Mediated Release of a Lipid Attraction Signal. Cell, 113:717–730. 文件编号. 15058.

  [71]              Krieser RJ, White K. 2002. Engulfment mechanism of apoptotic cells. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 14:734–738. 文件编号. 15127.

  [72]              Kuwana T, Mackey MR, Perkins G, et al. 2002. Bid, Bax, and Lipids Cooperate to Form Supramolecular Openings in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane. Cell, 111:331–342. 文件编号. 15061.

  [73]              Kuwana T, Newmeyer DD. 2003. Bcl-2-family proteins and the role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 15:691-699. 文件编号. 15016.

  [74]              Lawen A. 2003. Apoptosis—an introduction. BioEssays, 25:888–896. 文件编号. 15041.

  [75]              Lin, B, Kolluri SK, Lin F, et al. 2004. Conversion of Bcl-2 from Protector to Killer by Interaction with Nuclear Orphan Receptor Nur77/TR3. Cell, 116:527–540. 文件编号. 15066.

  [76]              Mattson MP. 2000. Neuronal Apoptosis Apoptotic and Anti-Apoptotic Synaptic Signaling Mechanisms. Brain Pathology, 10:300-312. 文件编号. 15057.

  [77]              McGill G, Fisher DE. 1997. Apoptosis in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Frontiers in Bioscience, 2:d353-379. 文件编号. 15106.

  [78]              Micheau O, Tschopp J. 2003. Induction of TNF Receptor I-Mediated Apoptosis via Two Sequential Signaling Complexes. Cell, 114:181–190. 文件编号. 15119.

  [79]              Monteiro HP, Silva EF, Stern A. 2004. Nitric oxide: a potential inducer of adhesion-related apoptosis—anoikis. Nitric Oxide, 10:1-10. 文件编号. 15013.

  [80]              Morrison H, Sherman LS, Legg J, et al. 2001. The NF2 tumor suppressor gene product, merlin, mediates contact inhibition of growth through interactions with CD44. Genes & Development, 15:968–980. 文件编号. 15091.

  [81]              Müllauer L, Gruber P, Sebinger D, et al. 2001. Mutations in apoptosis genes: a pathogenetic factor for human disease. Mutation Research, 488:211–231. 文件编号. 15121.

  [82]              Nagata S. 1997. Apoptosis by Death Factor. Cell, 88:355–365. 文件编号. 15035.

  [83]              Newbold RF. 2002. The significance of telomerase activation and cellular immortalization in human cancer. Mutagenesis, 17:539–550. 文件编号. 15092.

  [84]              Newmeyer DD, Ferguson-Miller S. 2003. Mitochondria: Releasing Power for Life and Unleashing the Machineries of Death. Cell, 112:481–490. 文件编号. 15079.

  [85]              O’Rourke B. 1999. Apoptosis : Rekindling the Mitochondrial Fire. Circ. Res, 85:880-883. 文件编号. 15031.

  [86]              Okano H, Shiraki K, Inoue H, et al. 2003. Over-expression of Smac promotes TRAIL-induced cell death in human hepatocellular carcinoma. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 12:25-28. 文件编号. 15082.

  [87]              Opferman JT, Korsmeyer SJ. 2003. Apoptosis in the development and maintenance of the immune system. Nat Immunol, 4:410-415. 文件编号. 15056.

  [88]              Orr WC, Sohal RS. 1994. Extension of life-span by overexpressionsuperoxide dismutase and catalase in Drosophila melanogaster. Science, 263:1128-1130. 文件编号. 15070.

  [89]              Ortiz A, Lorz C, Justo P, et al. 2001. Contribution of apoptotic cell death to renal injury. J.Cell.Mol.Med, 5:18-32. 文件编号. 15065.

  [90]              Perez D, White E. 1998. E1B 19K Inhibits Fas-mediated Apoptosis through FADD-dependent Sequestration of FLICE. The Journal of Cell Biology, 141:1255–1266. 文件编号. 15116.

  [91]              Petak I, Houghton JA.. 2001. Shared pathways: death receptors and cytotoxic drugs in cancer therapy. Pathol Oncol Res, 7:95-106. 文件编号. 15067.

  [92]              Petros AM, Olejniczak ET, Fesik SW. 2004. Structural biology of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, 1644:83-94. 文件编号. 15010.

  [93]              Reed JC. 2000. Mechanisms of Apoptosis. American Journal of Pathology, 157:1415-1430. 文件编号. 15098.

  [94]              Ricci JE, Munoz-Pinedo C, Fitzgerald P, et al. 2004. Disruption of Mitochondrial Function during Apoptosis Is Mediated by Caspase Cleavage of the p75 Subunit of Complex I of the Electron Transport Chain. Cell, 117:773–786. 文件编号. 15068.

  [95]              Roche Diagnostics Corporation. . Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation, 2nd revised edition. http://www.roche-applied-science.com/, . 文件编号. 15103.

  [96]              Sadowski-Debbing K, Coy JF, Mier W, et al. 2002. Caspases--their role in apoptosis and other physiological processes as revealed by knock-out studies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 50:19-34. 文件编号. 15047.

  [97]              Salvesen GS, Duckett CS. 2002. IAP proteins: blocking the road to death's door. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 3:401-410. 文件编号. 15086.

  [98]              Saran S. 2000. Programmed cell death. Current Science, 78:575-586. 文件编号. 15038.

  [99]              Sarkara PK, Shintonb RA. 2001. Hutchinson-Guilford progeria syndrome. Postgrad Med J, 77:312-317. 文件编号. 15075.

[100]              Scaffidi C, Fulda S, Srinivasan A, et al. 1998. Two CD95 (APO-1/Fas) signaling pathways. EMBO J, 17:1675-1687. 文件编号. 15094.

[101]              Scorrano L, Oakes SA, Opferman JT, et al. 2003. BAX and BAK regulation of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+: a control point for apoptosis. Science, 300:135-139. 文件编号. 15060.

[102]              Secombe J, Pierce SB, Eisenman RN. 2004. Myc: A Weapon of Mass Destruction. Cell, 117:153–156. 文件编号. 15081.

[103]              Shaham S. 2003. Apoptosis: a process with a (beta)NAC for complexity. Cell, 114:659-661. 文件编号. 15054.

[104]              Sharpless NE, DePinho RA. 2002. p53: Good Cop/Bad Cop. Cell, 110:9–12. 文件编号. 15083.

[105]              Shay JW, Wright WE. 2000. Hayflick, his limit, and cellular ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 1:72-76. 文件编号. 15073.

[106]              Shi YG. 2004. Caspase Activation: Revisiting the Induced Proximity Model. Cell, 117:855–858. 文件编号. 15063.

[107]              Shiozaki EN, Shi YG. 2004. Caspases, IAPs and Smac/DIABLO: mechanisms from structural biology. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 29:486-494. 文件编号. 15007.

[108]              Sinclair DA. 1999. Yeast aging research: recent advances and medical relevance. CMLS, 56:807–816. 文件编号. 15039.

[109]              Sreedhar AS, Csermely P. 2004. Heat shock proteins in the regulation of apoptosis: new strategies in tumor therapy，A comprehensive review. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101:227–257. 文件编号. 15074.

[110]              Syeed SA, Vohra H, Gupta A, et al. 2001. Apoptosis: Molecular machinery. Current Science, 80:349-360. 文件编号. 15107.

[111]              Thorburn A. 2004. Death receptor-induced cell killing. Cellular Signalling, 16:139-144. 文件编号. 15014.

[112]              Troen BR. 2003. The Biology of Aging. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 70:3-22. 文件编号. 15126.

[113]              Tu BP, Ho-Schleyer SC, Travers KJ, et al. 2000. Biochemical basis of oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. Science, 290:1571-1574. 文件编号. 15062.

[114]              Van Zant G, de Haan G. 1999. Genetic control of lifespan: studies from animal models. Expert Rev Mol Med, 1999:1-12. 文件编号. 15072.

[115]              Varfolomeev EE, Ashkenazi A. 2004. Tumor Necrosis Factor: An Apoptosis JuNKie? . Cell, 116:491-497. 文件编号. 15012.

[116]              Verheij M, Bartelink H. 2000. Radiation-induced apoptosis. Cell Tissue Res, 301:133–142. 文件编号. 15122.

[117]              Wajant H, Pfizenmaier K, Scheurich P. 2003. Non-apoptotic Fas signaling. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 14:53-66. 文件编号. 15019.

[118]              Wang XD. 2001. The expanding role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Genes & Development, 15:2922–2933. 文件编号. 15044.

[119]              Weber CH, Vincenz C. 2001. The death domain superfamily: a tale of two interfaces?. Trends Biochem Sci, 26:475-481. 文件编号. 15123.

[120]              Wong TP. 2001. An Old Question Revisited: Current Understanding of Aging Theories. McGill Journal of Medicine, 6:41-47. 文件编号. 15053.

[121]              Wu JW, Krawitz AR, Chai JJ, et al. 2002. Structural Mechanism of Smad4 Recognition by the Nuclear Oncoprotein Ski: Insights on Ski-Mediated Repression of TGF-βSignaling. Cell, 111:357–367. 文件编号. 15088.

[122]              Yoon JH, Gores GJ. 2002. Death receptor-mediated apoptosis and the liver. Journal of Hepatology, 37:400-410. 文件编号. 15021.

[123]              Zabkiewicz J, Clarke AR. 2004. DNA damage-induced apoptosis: insights from the mouse. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer, 1705:17-25. 文件编号. 15006.

[124]              Zamzami N, Kroemer G. 2003. Apoptosis: Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization – The (W)hole Story? . Current Biology, 13:R71-R73. 文件编号. 15020.

[125]              Zhang JH, Zhang YP, Herman B. 2003. Caspases, apoptosis and aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 2:357-366. 文件编号. 15018.

[126]              Zhang YP, Herman B. 2002. Ageing and apoptosis. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 123:245-260. 文件编号. 15027.

[127]              Zimmermann KC, Bonzon C, Green DR. 2001. The machinery of programmed cell death. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 92:57-70. 文件编号. 15022.